這預設是讓節點能夠跟 API Server
等資源做通訊。
$ kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.8.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 15d
$ kubectl describe svc kubernetes
Name: kubernetes
Namespace: default
Labels: component=apiserver
provider=kubernetes
Annotations: <none>
Selector: <none>
Type: ClusterIP
IP: 10.8.0.1
Port: https 443/TCP
TargetPort: 443/TCP
Endpoints: 34.66.217.13:443
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none>
同樣的使用 nginx
做為範例。下面是實驗的 yaml
。在前面文章有提到過,使用 expose
也可以達到創建 Service
資源。
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-nginx
spec:
replicas: 5
selector:
matchLabels:
run: my-nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
run: my-nginx
role: backend
spec:
containers:
- name: my-nginx
image: nginx:1.12
ports:
- containerPort: 80
--- # 區分資源,透過此方式可在一個檔案中定義不同多個資源
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
run: my-nginx # 關聯 POD 標籤
type : ClusterIP
ports:
- port: 8080 # 暴露端口
targetPort: 80 # 目標 POD 上的 Port
使用 apply
佈署
$ kubectl apply -f nginx-service-demo.yaml
deployment.apps/my-nginx created
service/nginx created
使用 get
查看我們佈署的 service
資源。TYPE
選擇是 ClusterIP
此值也是預設值;CLUSTER-IP
為自動分配,也可以透過 spec
中 clusterIP
屬性定義;PORT
是由 port
定義,協定預設為 TCP
,可以在 ports
屬性下用 protocol
定義。describe
顯示詳細訊息,Endpoints
自動幫我們關聯,並維護相關的 POD
資源,可以對應下面 get pods
的結果。我們定義的 Service
類型只可以透過此 IP
接受從集群内的客户端 POD
中的請求。
$ kubectl get svc nginx # svc 為 service 縮寫
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx ClusterIP 10.8.5.220 <none> 8080/TCP 27s
$ kubectl describe svc nginx
Name: nginx
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Selector: run=my-nginx
Type: ClusterIP
IP: 10.8.5.220
Port: <unset> 8080/TCP
TargetPort: 80/TCP
Endpoints: 10.4.1.28:80,10.4.2.33:80,10.4.2.34:80 + 2 more...
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none>
$ kubectl get endpoints # 取得 endpoints
NAME ENDPOINTS AGE
kubernetes 34.66.217.13:443 15d
nginx 10.4.1.28:80,10.4.2.33:80,10.4.2.34:80 + 2 more... 35m
$ kubectl get pods -l run=my-nginx -o custom-columns=NAME:.metadata.name,hostIP:.status.hostIP,podIP:.status.podIP
NAME hostIP podIP
my-nginx-74585d7fc6-jv2tz 10.128.0.21 10.4.1.28
my-nginx-74585d7fc6-mjnbs 10.128.0.23 10.4.2.34
my-nginx-74585d7fc6-rhhtb 10.128.0.24 10.4.3.95
my-nginx-74585d7fc6-vsbxt 10.128.0.23 10.4.2.35
my-nginx-74585d7fc6-zq6nm 10.128.0.23 10.4.2.33
整個請求會是 Pod <---> Endpoint(tcp:80) <---> Service(tcp:8080, with VIP)
。而 Service
在選擇 POD
時是透過 Iptables
的設定隨機選擇。
使用以下 yaml
模擬一個客戶端請求
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: myapp-pod
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- name: test
image: hwchiu/netutils
建立好客戶端的 POD
後,我們使用 curl
去請求。
$ kubectl exec -it myapp-pod -- bash
root@myapp-pod:/# curl 10.8.5.220:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
在 GKE
上節點是由 VM
組成,因此我們使用 ssh
遠端到節點。
$ kubectl get node
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr Ready <none> 30h v1.15.12-gke.2
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 Ready <none> 15d v1.15.12-gke.2
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg Ready <none> 3d17h v1.15.12-gke.2
$ gcloud compute ssh --project sunny-catwalk-286908 --zone us-central1-c gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1
請求
...@gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 ~ $ curl 10.8.5.220:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
最後透過下面這張圖我們來理解上述的實驗
當中紅色虛線表示無法存取,原因有兩種
CLUSTER-IP
無法知道如何送到集群中,從以下的路由表來看並沒有記錄這 CLUSTER-IP
的去向$ route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 172.17.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
172.17.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 docker0
CLUSTER-IP
,當中會被 kube-proxy
阻擋這邊補充,Service
中 Session affinity
,可以將來自同一客戶端的請求轉發至同一個後端的 POD,但這會影響負載均衡的調度。透過 explain
查詢其內容如下,ClientIP
會基於客户端 IP
識別客户端,把同一個來源 IP
請求都都調度到同一個 POD
,也可配合 clientIP
下的 timeoutSeconds
屬性設定效果的時間。
$ kubectl explain svc.spec.sessionAffinityConfig
KIND: Service
VERSION: v1
RESOURCE: sessionAffinityConfig <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
sessionAffinityConfig contains the configurations of session affinity.
SessionAffinityConfig represents the configurations of session affinity.
FIELDS:
clientIP <Object>
clientIP contains the configurations of Client IP based session affinity.
$ kubectl explain svc.spec.sessionAffinity
KIND: Service
VERSION: v1
FIELD: sessionAffinity <string>
DESCRIPTION:
Supports "ClientIP" and "None". Used to maintain session affinity. Enable
client IP based session affinity. Must be ClientIP or None. Defaults to
None. More info:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#virtual-ips-and-service-proxies
簡單來說就是外部可藉由每個節點的 IP 來存取內部應用程式。我們定義以下實驗的 yaml
。type
類型需要指定,nodePort
屬性可設定,不設定預設會是從 30000 至 32767 隨機選取。
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nodeport-demo
spec:
type: NodePort
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080 # Service Port 80 -> POD: 8080
nodePort: 30080 # Node Port 30080 -> POD: 8080
selector:
app: hello-kubernetes
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: hello-kubernetes
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: hello-kubernetes
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: hello-kubernetes
spec:
containers:
- name: hello-kubernetes
image: paulbouwer/hello-kubernetes:1.7
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-client
labels:
app: client
spec:
containers:
- name: client
image: hwchiu/netutils
使用 apply
佈署,因為上面的 yaml
檔放置同一個目錄下,這時可使用 -R
進行遞規。
$ kubectl apply -R -f nodePort/
deployment.apps/hello-kubernetes created
deployment.apps/client created
service/nodeport-demo created
使用 get
查看 nodePort
資源
$ kubectl get svc nodeport-demo -o wide
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR
nodeport-demo NodePort 10.8.0.16 <none> 80:30080/TCP 12s app=hello-kubernetes```
```shell
$ kubectl describe svc nodeport-demo
Name: nodeport-demo
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app=hello-kubernetes
Type: NodePort
IP: 10.8.0.16
Port: <unset> 80/TCP
TargetPort: 8080/TCP
NodePort: <unset> 30080/TCP
Endpoints: 10.4.1.31:8080,10.4.2.40:8080,10.4.3.99:8080
Session Affinity: None
External Traffic Policy: Cluster
Events: <none>
因為 NodePort
繼承 ClusterIP
的功能,多實現了節點上的存取。
$ kubectl get pods -l app=client -o wide # 查看 POD
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
client-99cbcdc74-qz99k 1/1 Running 0 19m 10.4.3.97 gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr <none> <none>
pod-client 1/1 Running 0 2m25s 10.4.3.100 gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr <none> <none>
驗證
$ kubectl exec -it pod-client curl nodeport-demo # 利用 DNS 解析
kubectl exec [POD] [COMMAND] is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl exec [POD] -- [COMMAND] instead.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello Kubernetes!</title>
...
<div id="message">
Hello world!
</div>
<div id="info">
<table>
<tr>
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-9hbgv</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>node:</th>
<td>Linux (4.19.112+)</td>
</tr>
</table>
...
$ kubectl exec -it pod-client curl 10.8.0.16 # 透過 ClusterIP
kubectl exec [POD] [COMMAND] is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl exec [POD] -- [COMMAND] instead.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello Kubernetes!</title>
...
<div id="message">
Hello world!
</div>
<div id="info">
<table>
<tr>
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-9hbgv</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>node:</th>
<td>Linux (4.19.112+)</td>
</tr>
...
從 gcloud
獲取對外 IP
,當然也可以用 get node
方式。
$ gcloud compute instances list
NAME ZONE MACHINE_TYPE PREEMPTIBLE INTERNAL_IP EXTERNAL_IP STATUS
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.24 35.238.113.123 RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.21 34.67.164.169 RUNNING
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg us-central1-c e2-medium 10.128.0.23 34.72.35.109 RUNNING
$ kubectl get node -o custom-columns='NAME:.metadata.name,EXTERNAL-IP:.status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address,INTERNAL-IP:.status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address,POD-CIDR:.spec.podCIDR'
NAME EXTERNAL-IP INTERNAL-IP POD-CIDR
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr 35.238.113.123 10.128.0.24 10.4.3.0/24
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 34.67.164.169 10.128.0.21 10.4.1.0/24
gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg 34.72.35.109 10.128.0.23 10.4.2.0/24
先遠端至一個 VM
節點上,並使用 curl
驗證
$ curl 10.128.0.24:30080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello Kubernetes!</title>
...
<div id="message">
Hello world!
</div>
<div id="info">
<table>
<tr>
<th>pod:</th>
<td>hello-kubernetes-5b89dbbc4b-9hbgv</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>node:</th>
<td>Linux (4.19.112+)</td>
</tr>
...
簡單來說上面實驗可以說是 client <---> NodeIP:NodePort <---> ClusterIP:ServicePort <---> PodIP:containePort
。
這邊補充在 GKE
下每個 VM
都會有 EXTERNAL_IP
,但是要讓它可以作用至 NodePort
需要設置以下防火牆,設置完之後透過瀏覽器輸入 EXTERNAL_IP:NodePort
即可存取相關 POD
。
$ gcloud compute firewall-rules create nodeport-svc-rule --allow=tcp:{NodePort}
在這架構下,loadbalancing
由自己決定,但它會取得所有 endopints
資訊也就是直接調度 POD
資訊。設定方面是將 clusterIP
設為 None
,並非 type
。而 kube-proxy
不會處裡此 service
相關的資訊像是負載均衡。只要在前端有服務發現功能時,可以省去 clusterIP
需求,同樣的此類型也是透過標籤選擇器,去決定 endopints
,最重要的是集群中 DNS
服務 A
紀錄會解析到後端 POD
的 IP
。假設無設置標籤選擇器時,則不會配置 endopints
,DNS
服務會查找和配置。
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: headless-demo
spec:
clusterIP: None # headless 須為 None
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
selector:
app: hello-kubernetes
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: hello-kubernetes-headless
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: hello-kubernetes
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: hello-kubernetes
spec:
containers:
- name: hello-kubernetes
image: paulbouwer/hello-kubernetes:1.7
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pod-client-headless
labels:
app: client
spec:
containers:
- name: client
image: hwchiu/netutils
佈署
$ kubectl apply -R -f .
查看 service
資源,CLUSTER-IP
為 None
,同時用 describe
和 get pods
觀察標籤選擇器的結果並對應 Endpoints
。
$ kubectl get svc headless-demo
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
headless-demo ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP 3m
$ kubectl describe svc headless-demo
Name: headless-demo
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app=hello-kubernetes
Type: ClusterIP
IP: None
Port: <unset> 80/TCP
TargetPort: 8080/TCP
Endpoints: 10.4.1.32:8080,10.4.2.41:8080,10.4.3.101:8080
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none>
$ kubectl get pods -l app=hello-kubernetes -o wide -L app # 可對照 Endpoints
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES APP
hello-kubernetes-headless-5b89dbbc4b-2gbs2 1/1 Running 0 6m37s 10.4.1.32 gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-cxs1 <none> <none> hello-kubernetes
hello-kubernetes-headless-5b89dbbc4b-7hqnz 1/1 Running 0 6m37s 10.4.2.41 gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-r7rg <none> <none> hello-kubernetes
hello-kubernetes-headless-5b89dbbc4b-vb2zq 1/1 Running 0 6m37s 10.4.3.101 gke-cluster-1-default-pool-7dc8b11b-8kvr <none> <none> hello-kubernetes
前面提到過說可用 DNS
去解析相關 POD
的 IP
位置,因此這建立的 service
資源是直接發現 POD
。藉由 pod-client-headless
我們嘗試使用 nslookup
解析,結果正是標籤選擇器(selector) 所選擇的 POD
的 IP
,因此它是直接對 POD
,不必有轉發動作。
$ kubectl get pods -l app=client
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod-client-headless 1/1 Running 0 8m46s
$ kubectl exec -it pod-client-headless -- bash
root@pod-client-headless:/# nslookup headless-demo
Server: 10.8.0.10
Address: 10.8.0.10#53
Name: headless-demo.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.4.1.32
Name: headless-demo.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.4.2.41
Name: headless-demo.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.4.3.101
這邊為了顯示出此 service
透過域名方式可綁定 POD
,就算該 POD
被重新調度。這邊將 Deployment
的佈署改用 StatefulSet
方式呈現較為直觀,可以將它想像成是一個有序的服務,StatefulSet
在後面文章後會提到,這邊不知道不影響對 headless
理解。
觀察佈署的 POD
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
client-99cbcdc74-h2x7x 1/1 Running 0 10s
hello-kubernetes-0 1/1 Running 0 10s
hello-kubernetes-1 1/1 Running 0 8s
hello-kubernetes-2 1/1 Running 0 7s
我們用 nslookup
去解析 hello-kubernetes-0
服務,得到 10.4.2.44
的 POD
地址。
$ kubectl exec -it client-99cbcdc74-h2x7x -- bash
root@client-99cbcdc74-h2x7x:/# nslookup hello-kubernetes-0.headless-demo
Server: 10.8.0.10
Address: 10.8.0.10#53
Name: hello-kubernetes-0.headless-demo.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.4.2.44
root@client-99cbcdc74-h2x7x:/#
嘗試將 hello-kubernetes-0
刪除,並用 nslookup
觀察,此結果可以說 POD
被重新調度後,透過 DNS
發現方式還是可以將請求丟到同一個 POD
上。
$ kubectl delete pods hello-kubernetes-0
pod "hello-kubernetes-0" deleted
# 在解析一次
root@client-99cbcdc74-h2x7x:/# nslookup hello-kubernetes-0.headless-demo
Server: 10.8.0.10
Address: 10.8.0.10#53
Name: hello-kubernetes-0.headless-demo.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.4.2.45
這也算是 headless
的一種,在資源定義上,type
是 ExternalName
,externalName
要指定集群外部的服務,需要是一個 CNAME
,這樣 POD
才能去存取。此資源不必要定義標籤選擇器(selector)和 clusterIP
,因此很像 headless
。這邊較為簡易就不演示了。