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以Postgresql為主,再聊聊資料庫 PostgreSQL Index 與 不等於

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不等於 != , <>

-- 1 有 pk 的情況
create table it201010a (
  id int not null primary key
, val int not null
);

insert into it201010a
select generate_series(1,1e5)
     , random() * 10000;

-- 建立 index
create index on it201010a(val);

commit;

analyze it201010a;

explain (analyze,verbose,timing,costs,buffers)
select *
  from it201010a
 where val <> 100;

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                    QUERY PLAN                                                     |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seq Scan on aki.it201010a  (cost=0.00..1693.00 rows=99990 width=8) (actual time=0.040..18.171 rows=99995 loops=1) |
|   Output: id, val                                                                                                 |
|   Filter: (it201010a.val <> 100)                                                                                  |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 5                                                                                       |
|   Buffers: shared hit=443                                                                                         |
| Planning Time: 0.123 ms                                                                                           |
| Execution Time: 31.306 ms                                                                                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

-- 可以觀察到,當過濾條件是不等於(<>)時, 不使用 index

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010a t1 
  left join it201010a t2 
    on (t1.id = t2.id 
   and t2.val = 100) 
 where t2.* is null;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash Left Join  (cost=40.24..1745.75 rows=500 width=8) (actual time=0.087..38.241 rows=99995 loops=1)                                 |
|   Hash Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                          |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                              |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 5                                                                                                           |
|   ->  Seq Scan on it201010a t1  (cost=0.00..1443.00 rows=100000 width=8) (actual time=0.012..12.280 rows=100000 loops=1)              |
|   ->  Hash  (cost=40.11..40.11 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=0.060..0.061 rows=5 loops=1)                                            |
|         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 9kB                                                                                  |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010a t2  (cost=4.50..40.11 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=0.044..0.054 rows=5 loops=1)           |
|               Recheck Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                               |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=5                                                                                                    |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010a_val_idx  (cost=0.00..4.49 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.031..0.032 rows=5 loops=1) |
|                     Index Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                           |
| Planning Time: 0.371 ms                                                                                                               |
| Execution Time: 46.063 ms                                                                                                             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

-- 使用了 index.

set enable_seqscan=off;  

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010a t1 
  left join it201010a t2 
    on (t1.id = t2.id 
   and t2.val = 100) 
 where t2.* is null;

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Merge Left Join  (cost=40.57..3340.72 rows=500 width=8) (actual time=3.756..55.155 rows=99995 loops=1)                                          |
|   Merge Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                                   |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                                        |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 5                                                                                                                     |
|   ->  Index Scan using it201010a_pkey on it201010a t1  (cost=0.29..3050.29 rows=100000 width=8) (actual time=0.054..27.778 rows=100000 loops=1) |
|   ->  Sort  (cost=40.28..40.30 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=3.692..3.694 rows=5 loops=1)                                                      |
|         Sort Key: t2.id                                                                                                                         |
|         Sort Method: quicksort  Memory: 25kB                                                                                                    |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010a t2  (cost=4.50..40.11 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=0.252..0.360 rows=5 loops=1)                     |
|               Recheck Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                                         |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=5                                                                                                              |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010a_val_idx  (cost=0.00..4.49 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.128..0.128 rows=5 loops=1)           |
|                     Index Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                                     |
| Planning Time: 1.516 ms                                                                                                                         |
| Execution Time: 65.098 ms                                                                                                                       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


set enable_sort=off;  

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010a t1 
  left join it201010a t2 
    on (t1.id = t2.id 
   and t2.val = 100) 
 where t2.* is null;
 
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash Left Join  (cost=40.53..3353.04 rows=500 width=8) (actual time=0.153..47.913 rows=99995 loops=1)                                           |
|   Hash Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                                    |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                                        |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 5                                                                                                                     |
|   ->  Index Scan using it201010a_pkey on it201010a t1  (cost=0.29..3050.29 rows=100000 width=8) (actual time=0.019..21.066 rows=100000 loops=1) |
|   ->  Hash  (cost=40.11..40.11 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=0.088..0.089 rows=5 loops=1)                                                      |
|         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 9kB                                                                                            |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010a t2  (cost=4.50..40.11 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=0.032..0.043 rows=5 loops=1)                     |
|               Recheck Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                                         |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=5                                                                                                              |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010a_val_idx  (cost=0.00..4.49 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.019..0.019 rows=5 loops=1)           |
|                     Index Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                                     |
| Planning Time: 0.331 ms                                                                                                                         |
| Execution Time: 55.753 ms                                                                                                                       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
(14 rows)


set enable_hashjoin=off;  

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010a t1 
  left join it201010a t2 
    on (t1.id = t2.id 
   and t2.val = 100) 
 where t2.* is null;
 
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                   QUERY PLAN                                                                    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Merge Left Join  (cost=0.58..6600.71 rows=500 width=8) (actual time=4.255..61.982 rows=99995 loops=1)                                           |
|   Merge Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                                   |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                                        |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 5                                                                                                                     |
|   ->  Index Scan using it201010a_pkey on it201010a t1  (cost=0.29..3050.29 rows=100000 width=8) (actual time=0.011..19.161 rows=100000 loops=1) |
|   ->  Index Scan using it201010a_pkey on it201010a t2  (cost=0.29..3300.29 rows=10 width=36) (actual time=4.237..18.359 rows=5 loops=1)         |
|         Filter: (val = 100)                                                                                                                     |
|         Rows Removed by Filter: 99995                                                                                                           |
| Planning Time: 0.348 ms                                                                                                                         |
| Execution Time: 69.319 ms                                                                                                                       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
(10 rows)

---------
set enable_hashjoin=on;  
set enable_sort=on; 
set enable_seqscan=on;

--------
-- 2 沒有 PK 的情況

create table it201010b (
  val int not null
);

insert into it201010b
select random() * 10000
  from generate_series(1,1e5);
  
create index on it201010b(val);

commit;

analyze it201010b;

-- 沒有PK,我們可以用系統的ctid

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010b t1 
  left join it201010b t2 
    on (t1.ctid = t2.ctid 
   and t2.val = 100) 
 where t2.* is null;

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                              QUERY PLAN                                                               |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash Left Join  (cost=40.24..1858.34 rows=500 width=4) (actual time=0.196..39.142 rows=99991 loops=1)                                 |
|   Hash Cond: (t1.ctid = t2.ctid)                                                                                                      |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                              |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 9                                                                                                           |
|   ->  Seq Scan on it201010b t1  (cost=0.00..1443.00 rows=100000 width=10) (actual time=0.018..16.793 rows=100000 loops=1)             |
|   ->  Hash  (cost=40.11..40.11 rows=10 width=34) (actual time=0.117..0.118 rows=9 loops=1)                                            |
|         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 9kB                                                                                  |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010b t2  (cost=4.50..40.11 rows=10 width=34) (actual time=0.091..0.108 rows=9 loops=1)           |
|               Recheck Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                               |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=9                                                                                                    |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010b_val_idx  (cost=0.00..4.49 rows=10 width=0) (actual time=0.051..0.051 rows=9 loops=1) |
|                     Index Cond: (val = 100)                                                                                           |
| Planning Time: 0.223 ms                                                                                                               |
| Execution Time: 47.081 ms                                                                                                             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

----------
-- 3 Array 

create table it201010c (
  id int generated always as identity
, arr int[] not null
);

 
do $$
declare
  i int;
begin
  for i in 1..10000 loop
    insert into it201010c(arr) 
    select array_agg(round(random() * 1e3)) 
      from generate_series(1,100);
  end loop;
end;
$$ language plpgsql;

commit;

create index on it201010c using gin(arr);

analyze it201010c;

--
explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select *
  from it201010c
 where not (arr @> array[1,2]);
 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                  QUERY PLAN                                                  |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seq Scan on it201010c  (cost=0.00..714.00 rows=9913 width=428) (actual time=0.027..12.739 rows=9921 loops=1) |
|   Filter: (NOT (arr @> '{1,2}'::integer[]))                                                                  |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 79                                                                                 |
| Planning Time: 3.535 ms                                                                                      |
| Execution Time: 13.665 ms                                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

-- 一樣用 left join , null 

explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010c t1 
  left join it201010c t2 
    on (t1.id = t2.id 
   and t2.arr @> array[1,2])
 where t2.* is null;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash Left Join  (cost=259.06..986.43 rows=50 width=428) (actual time=4.541..10.398 rows=9921 loops=1)                                   |
|   Hash Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                            |
|   Filter: (t2.* IS NULL)                                                                                                                |
|   Rows Removed by Filter: 79                                                                                                            |
|   ->  Seq Scan on it201010c t1  (cost=0.00..689.00 rows=10000 width=428) (actual time=0.008..2.415 rows=10000 loops=1)                  |
|   ->  Hash  (cost=257.97..257.97 rows=87 width=456) (actual time=4.523..4.524 rows=79 loops=1)                                          |
|         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 46kB                                                                                   |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010c t2  (cost=20.67..257.97 rows=87 width=456) (actual time=4.366..4.480 rows=79 loops=1)         |
|               Recheck Cond: (arr @> '{1,2}'::integer[])                                                                                 |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=76                                                                                                     |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010c_arr_idx  (cost=0.00..20.65 rows=87 width=0) (actual time=4.325..4.326 rows=79 loops=1) |
|                     Index Cond: (arr @> '{1,2}'::integer[])                                                                             |
| Planning Time: 3.118 ms                                                                                                                 |
| Execution Time: 11.486 ms                                                                                                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


-- 利用 not exists
explain (analyze,timing,costs)
select t1.* 
  from it201010c t1 
 where not exists (
       select 1 
         from it201010c t2 
        where t1.id = t2.id 
          and t2.arr @> array[1,2]);

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                               QUERY PLAN                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hash Anti Join  (cost=259.06..1073.54 rows=9913 width=428) (actual time=0.404..7.478 rows=9921 loops=1)                                 |
|   Hash Cond: (t1.id = t2.id)                                                                                                            |
|   ->  Seq Scan on it201010c t1  (cost=0.00..689.00 rows=10000 width=428) (actual time=0.008..2.913 rows=10000 loops=1)                  |
|   ->  Hash  (cost=257.97..257.97 rows=87 width=4) (actual time=0.374..0.375 rows=79 loops=1)                                            |
|         Buckets: 1024  Batches: 1  Memory Usage: 11kB                                                                                   |
|         ->  Bitmap Heap Scan on it201010c t2  (cost=20.67..257.97 rows=87 width=4) (actual time=0.233..0.342 rows=79 loops=1)           |
|               Recheck Cond: (arr @> '{1,2}'::integer[])                                                                                 |
|               Heap Blocks: exact=76                                                                                                     |
|               ->  Bitmap Index Scan on it201010c_arr_idx  (cost=0.00..20.65 rows=87 width=0) (actual time=0.215..0.215 rows=79 loops=1) |
|                     Index Cond: (arr @> '{1,2}'::integer[])                                                                             |
| Planning Time: 0.259 ms                                                                                                                 |
| Execution Time: 8.959 ms                                                                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+


沒有PK時,一樣可以利用 ctid, 在此就不贅述.
今天我們探討了 不等於的情況下, 怎樣變化讓優化器可以使用index.
實際情況還要隨著資料分佈,index是否具有足夠的鑑別性,適當使用 index.
另外,也設定了幾個參數,讓大家可以觀察執行計畫的情況
set enable_hashjoin=on;  
set enable_sort=on; 
set enable_seqscan=on;

也使用了 array 來探討,並且使用了 not exists.
希望能帶給大家在使用時,有一些幫助.


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