【Day 07】- 第一隻網路爬蟲要用什麼函式庫? (Requests)

2021 iThome 鐵人賽

DAY 7

AI & Data

網路爬蟲，萬物皆爬 - 30 天搞懂並實戰網路爬蟲及應對反爬蟲技術系列第 7 篇

13th鐵人賽

Vincent55

團隊肝已經，死了

2021-09-22 20:52:09

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前情提要

前一篇文章帶大家看了chrome 開發工具的使用，並向下又說明了 Element 、Network 等使用，未來幾天撰寫爬蟲時會經常使用開發工具來定位、分析請求。

開始之前

大家開啟網頁後，各位的瀏覽器(客戶端 Client)便會向網頁(伺服端 Server)進行 HTTP Request method，最常見為 GET、POST (HTTP request method)，之後網頁(伺服端 Server)會回傳一個 HTTP Response，瀏覽器(客戶端 Client)會將其渲染，變成可讀性較高的內容。

今天要帶各位寫的爬蟲便是代替人類進行上述操作。大家放心，Python 的 requests 庫包裝了各種用法，讓大家能夠非常方便的使用它。

Requests

Python 中的 Requests 庫被譽為沒有預設包含在 Python 內的最流行的 Python 庫。Requests 是個 HTTP client 函式庫，且使用十分便利、優雅。

由於我們的環境都是在 pipenv 下的，這邊給出它在 pipenv 下的安裝方法，注意要在想要的專案幕錄下進行 pipenv 安裝，記得加 s。


pipenv install requests

接下來將 pipenv --venv 回傳的路徑加到 Vscode settings "python.venvPath": "{這邊放 pipenv --venv 所得的值(上面請大家記住的)}" 。之後不會特別提醒，若有還沒看過環境設定的讀者，可以回去看【Day 02】- 網路爬蟲環境設定(Python、pipenv、Vscode)

HTTP 常用的 Request Method 是 GET 、 POST，下面針對兩個介紹。

Requests GET

安裝好 Requests 並確保進入虛擬環境後，我們先來做個簡單的 GET 請求。

import requests
url = 'https://www.google.com' #先將欲發出 GET 請求的網址先存在 url
res = requests.get(url) #對 url 發出 GET 請求，並將 Response 包成回傳物件存在 res
print(type(res), res) #Output: <class 'requests.models.Response'> <Response [200]>

讀者應該有發現 res 是個 requests.models.Response 的物件，且直接印出會是 <Response [200]> 這邊解釋一下 200 是什麼，簡單來說就是 HTTP 的狀態碼，下面解釋一些常見狀態碼，想了解更多能到這 https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/HTTP状态码。

200 OK：一切正常。
301 Moved Permanently：永久搬家，會重新導向到新 url。
302 Found（Moved Temporarily）：暫時移到新位置。
400 Bad Request：明顯的用戶端錯誤，伺服器無法處理這個 Request。
401 Unauthorized：未授權，請求需攜帶憑證。
403 Forbidden：沒有權限。
404 Not Found：找不到資源。
418 I’m a teapot：我是一個茶壺，不會泡咖啡。(愚人節彩蛋)
500 Internal Server Error：伺服器端錯誤。
502 Bad Gateway：通常是伺服器的某個服務沒有正確執行。
503 Service Unavailable：伺服器臨時維護或是快掛了，暫時無法處理請求(臨時流量過大)。
504 Gateway Timeout：伺服器上的服務沒有回應。

GET 是十分直觀的請求，不過有時候會攜帶參數。GET 請求攜帶參數會直接放在網址(url)，位於 ? 後，若有多個則以 & 分隔。

以 https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome為例，有兩個參數以 &分隔，第一個參數，參數名稱為 q ，參數值為 IThome ，第二個參數，參數名稱為 oq ，參數值為 IThome 。

Requests 提供了兩種 GET 參數傳入的方法。

import requests
# 方法一
url1 = '[https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)' #直接將參數放到 url
res = requests.get(url1)
print(res.url, res) #Output: https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome <Response [200]>
# 方法二
url2 = '[https://www.google.com/search](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)'
params = {'q':'IThome','oq':'IThome'}
requests.get(url2, params=params) #Output: https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome <Response [200]>

Requests POST

POST 常使用的例子是在填表單的時候，讀者們填好各種資料後按下送出按鈕，有些網頁的設計會送出一個 POST 請求，並夾帶著各位填入的資料(與 GET 不同，參數會放在 message body 而不是顯而易見的網址)。

▲ 登入 IThome 的過程中，用 chrome 開發工具分析登入的 POST 請求，發現其有夾帶輸入的帳號密碼

Python Requests 中 POST 請求可以使用許多不同種類的參數夾帶方法，像字典、元組、串列、JSON，這邊較推薦使用 JSON 與字典進行傳入。

關於 JSON 它不是個 python 原生的資料型態，需要額外引入，之後會有一篇來單獨介紹它，目前只要知道它是個好用的結構就好(類似 Python 中的字典(dict))。

import requests
import json #JSON 非 python 原生型態但為內建，因此直接引入即可

# 使用字典傳入 POST 參數
data = {'account':'testOwO', 'password':'testOwO'}
url = 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/'
print(requests.post(url, data=data)) #Output: <Response [200]>

#使用 JSON 傳入 POST 參數
data = json.dumps(data)
url = 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/'
print(requests.post(url, data=data)) #Output: <Response [200]>

回應物件使用方法

不管使用 Requests 中 GET 或者是 POST ，都會回傳一個回應物件 requests.models.Response ，這個物件也有許多使用方法。

res.status_code : 該 HTTP 狀態碼
res.raw : 原始回應物件 urllib3.response.HTTPResponse 。 res.raw.read() 讀取。
res.content : 回應物件的位元組序列(bytes)型態。
res.text : 回應物件的字串(str)型態。
res.headers : 回應物件的 headers。
res.json() : 回應物件的 JSON 格式，會將回應物件的字串用 JSON encode，不必引入 JSON。
res.raise_for_status() : 若請求失敗(Status Code 非 200)，則拋出錯誤。
res.url : 請求的 url。
res.cookies : 請求後的 cookies。
res.encoding : 編碼格式。

Your First Crawler

讀者可以寫下下面的程式，輸出 google IThome 結果，但目前這種程度的爬蟲還沒進行任何的資料清理或鎖定，可讀性差(dom、HTML)

import requests
url1 = '[https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)'
res = requests.get(url1)
print(res.text)

'''
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class="RnNGze"><style>.PA9J5{display:inline-block}.RXaOfd{display:inline-block;height:22px;position:relative;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-right:16px;padding-left:0;line-height:22px;cursor:pointer;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;color:#70757a}.sa1toc{display:none;position:absolute;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d6d6d6;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);margin:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:103;line-height:17px;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:0}.PA9J5:hover .sa1toc{display:block}.mGSy8d a:active,.RXaOfd:active{color:#4285f4}</style><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><style>.TWMOUc{display:inline-block;padding-right:14px;white-space:nowrap}.vQYuGf{font-weight:bold}.OmTIzf{border-color:#909090 transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0 4px;width:0;height:0;margin-left:-10px;top:50%;margin-top:-2px;position:absolute}.RXaOfd:active .OmTIzf{border-color:#4285f4 transparent}</style><div class="TWMOUc">不限語言</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><style>.ozatM{font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}.ozatM .yNFsl,.ozatM li{list-style-type:none;list-style-position:outside;list-style-image:none}.yNFsl.SkUj4c,.yNFsl a{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);text-decoration:none;padding:6px 44px 6px 14px;line-height:17px;display:block}.SkUj4c{background-image:url(//ssl.gstatic.com/ui/v1/menu/checkmark2.png);background-position:right center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.SkUj4c:active{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">不限語言</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=lr:lang_1zh-CN%7Clang_1zh-TW&lr=lang_zh-CN%7Clang_zh-TW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIDw">搜尋所有中文網頁</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=lr:lang_1zh-TW&lr=lang_zh-TW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEA">搜尋繁體中文網頁</a></li></ul></div><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="TWMOUc">不限時間</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">不限時間</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:h&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEg"> 過去 1 小時</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:d&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEw"> 過去 24 小時</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:w&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFA"> 過去 1 週</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:m&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFQ"> 過去 1 個月</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFg"> 過去 1 年</a></li></ul></div><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="TWMOUc">所有結果</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">所有結果</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=li:1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIGA">一字不差</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><script nonce="2AVBOLh9+oVr1ju3HhSJZQ==">(function(){
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