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DAY 26
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那些關於 Ethereum 的事系列 第 26

實例解析 - Proof of Stake 書籍的捐款合約 Part 4

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實例解析 - Proof of Stake 書籍的捐款合約 Part 4

合約原始碼

合約原始碼請點此

ProofOfStake_Pages.sol 引用的函式庫與介面

ProofOfStake_Pages 合約中引入的函式庫與介面,可以看到以下的結構(* 為本日說明的範圍)

ProofOfStake_Pages
|- (Part 3) Ownable.sol
|  |- (Part 2) Context.sol
|- (Part 3) ReentrancyGuard.sol
|- ERC721Enumerable.sol
|  |- ERC721.sol
|  |  |- IERC721.sol
|  |     |- IERC165.sol
|  |  |- IERC721Receiver.sol
|  |  |- IERC721Metadata.sol
|  |  |- Address.sol*
|  |  |- (Part 2) Context.sol
|  |  |- (Part 2) Strings.sol
|  |  |- ERC165.sol
|  |- IERC721Enumerable.sol
|  |  |- IERC721.sol
|  |     |- IERC165.sol
|- (Part 2) Strings.sol
|- (Part 2) Counters.sol
|- (Part 1) base64.sol
|- (Part 1)Transforms.sol

Address.sol

由於 NFT 的接收方可能為一個「合約地址」,為了避免 NFT 被轉移到一個無法再次轉出的合約中,因此需要對每個接收者的位址進行檢查。

而無法再次轉出的理由是,因為對 NFT 的操作,都是要對該 NFT 合約中的函式進行呼叫,因此若該接收者合約無法對其他合約進行相關的操作,該 NFT 將永久性地被留在接收者手上。

Address 函式庫提供了一些輔助函式,用來協助對位址型態(Address Type)的操作。

  1. function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool):檢查該位址是否為一個合約,請特別注意,回傳「真(true)」保證了該位址是個合約;但回傳「假(false)」時不代表該位址就是個 EOA (externally-owned account),可能還有以下幾種可能:「正在被建立中的合約」、「預定會被部署合約的位址」、「曾經是個合約,但已經被銷毀」。 實際上在這個例子中,它引入 Address.sol 只為了這個函式
  2. sendValue:用來取代 Solidity 內建的 transfer 函式。
  3. functionCall:用來取代 Solidity 內建的 low level call 函式。
  4. functionCallWithValue:為 low level call 加上可以附帶 wei 的函式。
  5. functionStaticCall:用來取代 Solidity 內建的 low level staticcall 函式。
  6. functionDelegateCall:用來取代 Solidity 內建的 low level delegatecall 函式。
  7. verifyCallResult:用來驗證上面幾個 call 系列的函式是否執行成功。若失敗,則觸發 revert
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize, which returns 0 for contracts in
        // construction, since the code is only stored at the end of the
        // constructor execution.

        uint256 size;
        assembly {
            size := extcodesize(account)
        }
        return size > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCall(target, data, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: static call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(isContract(target), "Address: delegate call to non-contract");

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verifies that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
            if (returndata.length > 0) {
                // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly

                assembly {
                    let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                    revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
                }
            } else {
                revert(errorMessage);
            }
        }
    }
}

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實例解析 - Proof of Stake 書籍的捐款合約 Part 3
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實例解析 - Proof of Stake 書籍的捐款合約 Part 5
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那些關於 Ethereum 的事30
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