ProofOfStake_Pages.sol 引用的函式庫與介面ProofOfStake_Pages 合約中引入的函式庫與介面，可以看到以下的結構(* 為本日說明的範圍)
ProofOfStake_Pages
|- (Part 3) Ownable.sol
| |- (Part 2) Context.sol
|- (Part 3) ReentrancyGuard.sol
|- ERC721Enumerable.sol*
| |- ERC721.sol*
| | |- (前文) IERC721.sol
| | |- (Part 5) IERC165.sol
| | |- (Part 5) IERC721Receiver.sol
| | |- (前文) IERC721Metadata.sol
| | |- (Part 4) Address.sol
| | |- (Part 2) Context.sol
| | |- (Part 2) Strings.sol
| | |- (Part 5) ERC165.sol
| |- (前文) IERC721Enumerable.sol
| | |- (前文) IERC721.sol
| | |- (Part 5) IERC165.sol
|- (Part 2) Strings.sol
|- (Part 2) Counters.sol
|- (Part 1) base64.sol
|- (Part 1)Transforms.sol
ERC721.sol基本上這邊的 ERC721 就是標準實作。
請大家直接參考下面的程式碼，我把加上了中文註解方便理解內容。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "../../utils/Address.sol";
import "../../utils/Context.sol";
import "../../utils/Strings.sol";
import "../../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";
/**
* @dev Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721[ERC721] Non-Fungible Token Standard, including
* the Metadata extension, but not including the Enumerable extension, which is available separately as
* {ERC721Enumerable}.
*/
contract ERC721 is Context, ERC165, IERC721, IERC721Metadata {
using Address for address;
using Strings for uint256;
// 代幣名稱
// Token name
string private _name;
// 代幣簡稱
// Token symbol
string private _symbol;
// 用來儲存 token ID 對 擁有者位址的映射結構
// Mapping from token ID to owner address
mapping(uint256 => address) private _owners;
// 用來儲存 擁有者位址 對 token 持有數量的映射結構
// Mapping owner address to token count
mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;
// 用來儲存 token ID 對 被授權者位址的映射結構
// Mapping from token ID to approved address
mapping(uint256 => address) private _tokenApprovals;
// 用來儲存 持有者 對 第三方授權 的映射結構
// Mapping from owner to operator approvals
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
// 建構子，初始化 ERC721 的名稱與簡稱
/**
* @dev Initializes the contract by setting a `name` and a `symbol` to the token collection.
*/
constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
_name = name_;
_symbol = symbol_;
}
// 告訴使用者，本合約支援： IERC721, IERC721Metadata 與 IERC165
/**
* @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
*/
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
return
interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
}
// 回傳持有者持有數量
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-balanceOf}.
*/
function balanceOf(address owner) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
// address 0 不能是持有者
require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: balance query for the zero address");
return _balances[owner];
}
// 回傳該 token ID 的持有者
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-ownerOf}.
*/
function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
// 取出持有者資訊
address owner = _owners[tokenId];
// 檢查持有者必不能是 address 0
require(owner != address(0), "ERC721: owner query for nonexistent token");
return owner;
}
// 回傳名稱
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Metadata-name}.
*/
function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
return _name;
}
// 回傳簡稱
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Metadata-symbol}.
*/
function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
return _symbol;
}
// 回傳該 token ID 的 URI 資訊
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Metadata-tokenURI}.
*/
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
// URI 只對還存在的 token ID 有意義
require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721Metadata: URI query for nonexistent token");
// 取得基礎 URI (ipfs:// or http://example...)
string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
// 組合成完整的 URI，通常是基礎 URI + tokenID 為該 token 的完整 URI 資訊
return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
}
// 回傳基礎 URI
/**
* @dev Base URI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
* token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`. Empty
* by default, can be overriden in child contracts.
*/
function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
// 預設為無
return "";
}
// 授權函式
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-approve}.
*/
function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public virtual override {
// 取得持有者資訊
address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);
// 持有者不能授權給自己
require(to != owner, "ERC721: approval to current owner");
// 呼叫者必須是：
// 1. 持有者本人
// 2. 擁有持有者授權的第三方位址
require(
_msgSender() == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, _msgSender()),
"ERC721: approve caller is not owner nor approved for all"
);
// 呼叫內部函式進行授權
_approve(to, tokenId);
}
// 回傳該 token ID 的被授權者
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-getApproved}.
*/
function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (address) {
// 只有存在的 token ID 才能有被授權者
require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: approved query for nonexistent token");
return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
}
// 授權/撤銷名下全部的 NFT 給第三方位址
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
*/
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) public virtual override {
// 持有者不能授權給自己
require(operator != _msgSender(), "ERC721: approve to caller");
// 設定授權/撤銷
_operatorApprovals[_msgSender()][operator] = approved;
// 觸發授權事件
emit ApprovalForAll(_msgSender(), operator, approved);
}
// 回傳持有者是否授權給特定第三方位址
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-isApprovedForAll}.
*/
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
}
// 轉移函式
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-transferFrom}.
*/
function transferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) public virtual override {
// 檢查呼叫者是否有權轉移此代幣
//solhint-disable-next-line max-line-length
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(_msgSender(), tokenId), "ERC721: transfer caller is not owner nor approved");
// 呼叫內部轉移函式
_transfer(from, to, tokenId);
}
// 安全轉移函式
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) public virtual override {
// 直接呼叫帶有 data 欄位的版本
safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
}
// 安全轉移函式
/**
* @dev See {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}.
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) public virtual override {
// 檢查呼叫者是否有權進行轉移
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(_msgSender(), tokenId), "ERC721: transfer caller is not owner nor approved");
// 呼叫內部安全轉移函式
_safeTransfer(from, to, tokenId, _data);
}
// 內部的安全轉移函式
/**
* @dev Safely transfers `tokenId` token from `from` to `to`, checking first that contract recipients
* are aware of the ERC721 protocol to prevent tokens from being forever locked.
*
* `_data` is additional data, it has no specified format and it is sent in call to `to`.
*
* This internal function is equivalent to {safeTransferFrom}, and can be used to e.g.
* implement alternative mechanisms to perform token transfer, such as signature-based.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `from` cannot be the zero address.
* - `to` cannot be the zero address.
* - `tokenId` token must exist and be owned by `from`.
* - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
*
* Emits a {Transfer} event.
*/
function _safeTransfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) internal virtual {
// 呼叫內部轉移函式
_transfer(from, to, tokenId);
// 檢查接收者是否為合約，以及是否正確實作 IERC721Receiver
require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data), "ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer");
}
// 內部函式，檢查 token ID 是否存在
/**
* @dev Returns whether `tokenId` exists.
*
* Tokens can be managed by their owner or approved accounts via {approve} or {setApprovalForAll}.
*
* Tokens start existing when they are minted (`_mint`),
* and stop existing when they are burned (`_burn`).
*/
function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
// 只有當持有者非 address 0 時才算存在。若持有者為 address 0 ，則不是已經被銷毀，就是還沒被鑄造
return _owners[tokenId] != address(0);
}
// 內部函式，回傳被查詢者是否擁有對 token ID 代幣的管理權：
// 1. 被查詢者為持有者本人 => true
// 2. 被查詢者擁有持有者的授權
/**
* @dev Returns whether `spender` is allowed to manage `tokenId`.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `tokenId` must exist.
*/
function _isApprovedOrOwner(address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
// 只有存在的 token ID 才有檢查的必要
require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: operator query for nonexistent token");
// 取出持有者資訊
address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);
// 當以下其中一個條件滿足時，則代表擁有管理權：
// 1. 持有者本人
// 2. 擁有對該 token ID 的管理權
// 3. 擁有對該持有者名下全部 token 的管理權
return (spender == owner || getApproved(tokenId) == spender || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender));
}
// 內部函式，安全地鑄造代幣
/**
* @dev Safely mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `tokenId` must not exist.
* - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}, which is called upon a safe transfer.
*
* Emits a {Transfer} event.
*/
function _safeMint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
// 呼叫帶有 data 欄位的版本
_safeMint(to, tokenId, "");
}
// 內部函式，安全鑄造函式
/**
* @dev Same as {xref-ERC721-_safeMint-address-uint256-}[`_safeMint`], with an additional `data` parameter which is
* forwarded in {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} to contract recipients.
*/
function _safeMint(
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) internal virtual {
// 呼叫內部鑄造函式
_mint(to, tokenId);
// 檢查接收方若為合約，則必須實作 IERC721Received 介面
require(
_checkOnERC721Received(address(0), to, tokenId, _data),
"ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer"
);
}
// 內部函式，鑄造代幣
// 鑄造其實就是無中生有，將一個代幣從 address 0 轉移出來
/**
* @dev Mints `tokenId` and transfers it to `to`.
*
* WARNING: Usage of this method is discouraged, use {_safeMint} whenever possible
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `tokenId` must not exist.
* - `to` cannot be the zero address.
*
* Emits a {Transfer} event.
*/
function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
// 接收者不能為 address 0 (等同銷毀)
require(to != address(0), "ERC721: mint to the zero address");
// 被鑄造的代幣不能重複
require(!_exists(tokenId), "ERC721: token already minted");
// 呼叫轉移前的 hook
_beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
// 增加接收者的持有數量
_balances[to] += 1;
// 設定該 token 的持有者
_owners[tokenId] = to;
// 觸發轉移事件
emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
}
// 內部函式，銷毀代幣
/**
* @dev Destroys `tokenId`.
* The approval is cleared when the token is burned.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `tokenId` must exist.
*
* Emits a {Transfer} event.
*/
function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
// 取得持有者資訊
address owner = ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId);
// 執行轉移前的 hook
_beforeTokenTransfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
// 清空授權
// Clear approvals
_approve(address(0), tokenId);
// 減少持有者的持有數量
_balances[owner] -= 1;
// 清空該代幣的持有者資訊
delete _owners[tokenId];
// 觸發轉移事件
emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
}
// 內部函式，用來進行轉移
/**
* @dev Transfers `tokenId` from `from` to `to`.
* As opposed to {transferFrom}, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `to` cannot be the zero address.
* - `tokenId` token must be owned by `from`.
*
* Emits a {Transfer} event.
*/
function _transfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) internal virtual {
// 檢查 from 為 tokenId 的持有者
require(ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId) == from, "ERC721: transfer of token that is not own");
// 檢查 to 不可為 address 0
require(to != address(0), "ERC721: transfer to the zero address");
// 執行轉移前的 hook
_beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId);
// 將 tokenId 的授權者設定為 address 0 (清空授權)
// Clear approvals from the previous owner
_approve(address(0), tokenId);
// 減少原持有者的持有數量
_balances[from] -= 1;
// 增加接收者的持有數量
_balances[to] += 1;
// 將接收者設定為新的持有者
_owners[tokenId] = to;
// 觸發轉移事件
emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
}
// 內部函式，用來進行授權
/**
* @dev Approve `to` to operate on `tokenId`
*
* Emits a {Approval} event.
*/
function _approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal virtual {
// 將 tokenId 授權給 to
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
// 觸發授權事件
emit Approval(ERC721.ownerOf(tokenId), to, tokenId);
}
// 內部函式，專門用來檢查接收方是否為合約，若是，則需要正確實作 IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received，否則就觸發錯誤或回傳 false
/**
* @dev Internal function to invoke {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received} on a target address.
* The call is not executed if the target address is not a contract.
*
* @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
* @param to target address that will receive the tokens
* @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
* @param _data bytes optional data to send along with the call
* @return bool whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value
*/
function _checkOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private returns (bool) {
// 檢查接收者是否為合約
if (to.isContract()) {
// 嘗試呼叫 IERC721Receiver 的介面，以檢查實作是否正確
try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, tokenId, _data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
return retval == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
} catch (bytes memory reason) {
// 若發生錯誤，則顯示出錯誤的理由
if (reason.length == 0) {
revert("ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer");
} else {
assembly {
revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
}
}
}
} else {
return true;
}
}
// 在轉移任何代幣之前的 hook，也就是會先執行它，再進行代幣轉移。
/**
* @dev Hook that is called before any token transfer. This includes minting
* and burning.
*
* Calling conditions:
*
* - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, ``from``'s `tokenId` will be
* transferred to `to`.
* - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
* - When `to` is zero, ``from``'s `tokenId` will be burned.
* - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
*
* To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
*/
function _beforeTokenTransfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) internal virtual {}
}
ERC721Enumerable.sol這個是對 ERC721 的擴充介面。
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "../ERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Enumerable.sol";
/**
* @dev This implements an optional extension of {ERC721} defined in the EIP that adds
* enumerability of all the token ids in the contract as well as all token ids owned by each
* account.
*/
abstract contract ERC721Enumerable is ERC721, IERC721Enumerable {
// 儲存持有者 對 其名下代幣列表 的映射結構
// Mapping from owner to list of owned token IDs
mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => uint256)) private _ownedTokens;
// 儲存 token ID 對 其在持有者名下序號 的映射結構
// Mapping from token ID to index of the owner tokens list
mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _ownedTokensIndex;
// 儲存所有 token id 的陣列，用來列舉全部代幣所用
// Array with all token ids, used for enumeration
uint256[] private _allTokens;
// 儲存 token id 到 其在 `_allTokens` 陣列中的位置
// Mapping from token id to position in the allTokens array
mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _allTokensIndex;
// 檢查支援的介面
/**
* @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
*/
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC721) returns (bool) {
// 支援 IERC721Enumerable 或被此合約繼承的介面
return interfaceId == type(IERC721Enumerable).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
}
// 利用持有者資訊與該代幣在持有者列表中的序號，來反查代幣編號
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenOfOwnerByIndex}.
*/
function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
// 序號必定小於持有者的持有總數
require(index < ERC721.balanceOf(owner), "ERC721Enumerable: owner index out of bounds");
return _ownedTokens[owner][index];
}
// 回傳目前鑄造出的代幣總量
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-totalSupply}.
*/
function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
return _allTokens.length;
}
// 回傳在所有代幣中，序號為 index 的代幣編號
/**
* @dev See {IERC721Enumerable-tokenByIndex}.
*/
function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
// 查詢的序號必須低於鑄造出的代幣總量
require(index < ERC721Enumerable.totalSupply(), "ERC721Enumerable: global index out of bounds");
return _allTokens[index];
}
// 在轉移前的 hook
/**
* @dev Hook that is called before any token transfer. This includes minting
* and burning.
*
* Calling conditions:
*
* - When `from` and `to` are both non-zero, ``from``'s `tokenId` will be
* transferred to `to`.
* - When `from` is zero, `tokenId` will be minted for `to`.
* - When `to` is zero, ``from``'s `tokenId` will be burned.
* - `from` cannot be the zero address.
* - `to` cannot be the zero address.
*
* To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
*/
function _beforeTokenTransfer(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) internal virtual override {
super._beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, tokenId);
if (from == address(0) /* 若為鑄造所觸發的轉移 */) {
// 將新代幣加入總代幣列表
_addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
} else if (from != to /* 原持有者轉移代幣 */) {
// 將代幣從原持有者列表中移除
_removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(from, tokenId);
}
if (to == address(0) /* 若為銷毀所觸發的轉移 */) {
// 將代幣從總代幣列表中移除
_removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
} else if (to != from /* 新持有者接收代幣 */) {
// 將代幣加入新持有者列表中
_addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(to, tokenId);
}
}
// 內部函式，用來將代幣加入新持有者列表中
/**
* @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's ownership-tracking data structures.
* @param to address representing the new owner of the given token ID
* @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
*/
function _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(address to, uint256 tokenId) private {
// 取得新持有者的持有總數
uint256 length = ERC721.balanceOf(to);
// 將新代幣加入持有列表的尾端
_ownedTokens[to][length] = tokenId;
// 將新代幣的序號設定為持有列表的當前長度
_ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] = length;
}
// 內部函式，用來將新代幣加入總代幣列表中
/**
* @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's token tracking data structures.
* @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list
*/
function _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
// 更新序號
_allTokensIndex[tokenId] = _allTokens.length;
// 加入總代幣列表
_allTokens.push(tokenId);
}
// 內部函式，從原持有者列表中移除代幣
/**
* @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's ownership-tracking data structures. Note that
* while the token is not assigned a new owner, the `_ownedTokensIndex` mapping is _not_ updated: this allows for
* gas optimizations e.g. when performing a transfer operation (avoiding double writes).
* This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _ownedTokens array.
* @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
* @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
*/
function _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(address from, uint256 tokenId) private {
// 為了避免在持有者列表中產生空位，總會利用交換的方式，把想移除的代幣換到最後一個代幣的欄位，再行移除
// To prevent a gap in from's tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
// then delete the last slot (swap and pop).
// 取得最後代幣的序號
uint256 lastTokenIndex = ERC721.balanceOf(from) - 1;
// 取得目標代幣的序號
uint256 tokenIndex = _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];
// 只有最後代幣與目標代幣的序號不同時，需要進行交換
// When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary
if (tokenIndex != lastTokenIndex) {
uint256 lastTokenId = _ownedTokens[from][lastTokenIndex];
_ownedTokens[from][tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
_ownedTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
}
// 刪除最後代幣的持有者資訊
// This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
delete _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];
delete _ownedTokens[from][lastTokenIndex];
}
// 內部函式，將代幣從總代幣列表中移除
/**
* @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's token tracking data structures.
* This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _allTokens array.
* @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list
*/
function _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
// 為了避免總代幣列表中產生空位，因此會採用交換目標代幣列表的最尾端，再行刪除。
// To prevent a gap in the tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
// then delete the last slot (swap and pop).
uint256 lastTokenIndex = _allTokens.length - 1;
uint256 tokenIndex = _allTokensIndex[tokenId];
// When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary. However, since this occurs so
// rarely (when the last minted token is burnt) that we still do the swap here to avoid the gas cost of adding
// an 'if' statement (like in _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration)
uint256 lastTokenId = _allTokens[lastTokenIndex];
_allTokens[tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
_allTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
// This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
delete _allTokensIndex[tokenId];
_allTokens.pop();
}
}
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