昨天我們完成了 Roman Numeral Kata，現在進入框架特定測試的新階段！想像一個場景：專案上線前夕，PM 緊張地問：「API 都測試過了嗎？」你自信地回答：「每個端點都有完整的測試覆蓋！」🎯 這就是今天要學習的 HTTP 測試。

本日學習地圖 🗺️

基礎階段             Kata 階段            框架特定測試
Days 1-10           Days 11-17           Days 18-27
   ✅                  ✅                  📍 Day 18

                                        [HTTP 測試基礎] <- 今天在這
                                              ⬇️
                                        資料庫測試設置
                                              ⬇️
                                          實戰應用開發

為什麼需要 HTTP 測試？🤔

在 Laravel 中，HTTP 測試允許我們：

• 測試完整的請求生命週期
• 驗證路由、中間件、控制器的整合
• 確保 API 回應符合預期
• 不需啟動真實伺服器

環境準備

建立測試結構

// 建立 tests/Feature/Day18/HttpTestingBasicsTest.php
<?php

namespace Tests\Feature\Day18;

use Tests\TestCase;

test('makes successful GET request', function () {
    $response = $this->get('/api/health');
    
    expect($response->status())->toBe(200);
});

建立基本路由

// 建立 routes/api.php
<?php

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

Route::get('/health', function () {
    return response()->json(['status' => 'ok']);
});

Laravel HTTP 測試基礎 💡

1. 基本請求方法

// 更新 tests/Feature/Day18/HttpTestingBasicsTest.php
test('supports different HTTP methods', function () {
    // GET 請求
    $response = $this->get('/api/users');
    expect($response->status())->toBe(200);
    
    // POST 請求
    $response = $this->post('/api/users', [
        'name' => 'John Doe',
        'email' => 'john@example.com'
    ]);
    expect($response->status())->toBe(201);
    
    // PUT 請求
    $response = $this->put('/api/users/1', [
        'name' => 'Jane Doe'
    ]);
    expect($response->status())->toBe(200);
    
    // DELETE 請求
    $response = $this->delete('/api/users/1');
    expect($response->status())->toBe(204);
});

2. JSON API 測試

test('sends and receives JSON data', function () {
    // 發送 JSON 請求
    $response = $this->postJson('/api/users', [
        'name' => 'John Doe',
        'email' => 'john@example.com',
        'age' => 30
    ]);
    
    // 驗證狀態碼
    expect($response->status())->toBe(201);
    
    // 驗證 JSON 結構
    $response->assertJsonStructure([
        'data' => ['id', 'name', 'email', 'age', 'created_at']
    ]);
    
    // 驗證 JSON 內容
    $response->assertJson([
        'data' => [
            'name' => 'John Doe',
            'email' => 'john@example.com'
        ]
    ]);
});

3. 驗證回應內容

test('validates response content', function () {
    $response = $this->get('/api/products');
    
    $response->assertOk()
            ->assertSee('Product Name')
            ->assertJsonPath('data.0.name', 'Product 1')
            ->assertHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
});

實戰範例：建立簡單的 API 🚀

建立控制器

// 建立 app/Http/Controllers/Day18/TaskController.php
<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers\Day18;

use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class TaskController extends Controller
{
    private static $tasks = [];
    
    public function index()
    {
        return response()->json(['data' => self::$tasks]);
    }
    
    public function store(Request $request)
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'completed' => 'boolean'
        ]);
        
        $task = [
            'id' => count(self::$tasks) + 1,
            'title' => $validated['title'],
            'completed' => $validated['completed'] ?? false,
            'created_at' => now()->toDateTimeString()
        ];
        
        self::$tasks[] = $task;
        return response()->json(['data' => $task], 201);
    }
}

設定路由

// 更新 routes/api.php
use App\Http\Controllers\Day18\TaskController;

Route::prefix('tasks')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', [TaskController::class, 'index']);
    Route::post('/', [TaskController::class, 'store']);
});

完整測試套件

// 建立 tests/Feature/Day18/TaskApiTest.php
<?php

namespace Tests\Feature\Day18;

use Tests\TestCase;

test('lists all tasks', function () {
    $response = $this->getJson('/api/tasks');
    
    $response->assertOk()
            ->assertJsonStructure(['data']);
});

test('creates new task', function () {
    $taskData = [
        'title' => 'Learn HTTP Testing',
        'completed' => false
    ];
    
    $response = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', $taskData);
    
    $response->assertCreated()
            ->assertJsonPath('data.title', 'Learn HTTP Testing')
            ->assertJsonPath('data.completed', false)
            ->assertJsonStructure([
                'data' => ['id', 'title', 'completed', 'created_at']
            ]);
});

test('validates task creation input', function () {
    $response = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', []);
    $response->assertStatus(422)
            ->assertJsonValidationErrors(['title']);
});

test('retrieves specific task', function () {
    $createResponse = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', ['title' => 'Test Task']);
    $taskId = $createResponse->json('data.id');
    
    $this->getJson("/api/tasks/{$taskId}")
         ->assertOk()
         ->assertJsonPath('data.title', 'Test Task');
});

test('returns 404 for nonexistent task', function () {
    $response = $this->getJson('/api/tasks/999');
    
    $response->assertNotFound()
            ->assertJson(['error' => 'Task not found']);
});

test('updates task', function () {
    $createResponse = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', ['title' => 'Original Title']);
    $taskId = $createResponse->json('data.id');
    
    $this->putJson("/api/tasks/{$taskId}", ['title' => 'Updated Title'])
         ->assertOk()
         ->assertJsonPath('data.title', 'Updated Title');
});

test('deletes task', function () {
    $createResponse = $this->postJson('/api/tasks', ['title' => 'Task to Delete']);
    $taskId = $createResponse->json('data.id');
    
    $this->deleteJson("/api/tasks/{$taskId}")->assertNoContent();
    $this->getJson("/api/tasks/{$taskId}")->assertNotFound();
});

進階技巧 ⚡

1. 使用 Pest 的鏈式語法

// 更新 tests/Feature/Day18/ChainedTest.php
use function Pest\Laravel\{get, post, put, delete};

it('demonstrates chained syntax', function () {
    get('/api/health')
        ->assertOk()
        ->assertJson(['status' => 'ok']);
    
    post('/api/tasks', ['title' => 'New Task'])
        ->assertCreated()
        ->assertJsonPath('data.title', 'New Task');
    
    $response = post('/api/tasks', ['title' => 'Chain Task']);
    $id = $response->json('data.id');
    
    get("/api/tasks/{$id}")->assertOk();
    put("/api/tasks/{$id}", ['completed' => true])->assertOk();
    delete("/api/tasks/{$id}")->assertNoContent();
});

2. 測試認證與檔案上傳 🔒

test('protects routes with authentication', function () {
    $response = $this->getJson('/api/protected');
    $response->assertUnauthorized();
});

test('handles file uploads', function () {
    Storage::fake('uploads');
    $file = UploadedFile::fake()->image('avatar.jpg');
    
    $response = $this->post('/api/upload', ['avatar' => $file]);
    
    $response->assertOk();
    Storage::disk('uploads')->assertExists('avatars/' . $file->hashName());
});

小挑戰 🎯

試著實作這些功能的測試：

1. 分頁測試：測試 API 的分頁功能
2. 搜尋測試：測試查詢參數過濾
3. 排序測試：測試結果排序功能

本日重點回顧 📝

今天我們學習了 Laravel HTTP 測試的基礎：

1. 基本請求方法：GET、POST、PUT、DELETE
2. JSON 測試：發送和驗證 JSON 資料
3. 回應驗證：狀態碼、內容、結構
4. 完整 CRUD 測試：實作 Task API 測試
5. Pest 鏈式語法：更優雅的測試寫法

HTTP 測試是 API 開發的基石，讓我們能在不啟動伺服器的情況下，完整測試 API 的行為。這為我們接下來的實戰應用開發打下了堅實的基礎。

明天我們將學習資料庫測試設置，包括測試資料庫的配置、Factory 的使用，以及如何在測試中管理資料庫狀態。準備好深入資料層測試了嗎？明天見！🚀