除預防系統崩潰以外,硬體面也得兼顧,這樣才可有效降低災後重建的難度 (本文同步發佈於 凍仁的筆記)。
S.M.A.R.T. 是個用來檢測硬碟健康狀況的指標,雖然前文 (26. 使用 Clonezilla 打造不死的作業系統) 提供了軟體層面的備份方式,但硬體總有老舊、損壞的一天。而一台電腦中又以硬碟裡的資料最為重要,這裡凍仁將介紹 GNU/Linux 下檢測、監控的方法。
▲ 在 GNOME 上我們可使用 磁碟公用程式 (Palimpsest) 來檢測 SMART。
套件 smartmontools 包含了 smartctl, smartd,是個可以監控 ATA, SCSI 硬碟 (storage) SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology System) 狀態的工具。我們可以透過它來進階設定各種硬碟退化、錯誤警告的回報機制。
1.1. 安裝文字介面的檢測工具。
# Debian, Ubuntu
$ sudo aptitude install smartmontools
# CentOS, RHEL, Fedora
$ sudo yum install smartmontools
smartctl 主要是用來進行一次性、暫時性的硬碟掃描,以下為常見的使用方法。
2.1. 查看該媒體是否支援 SMART 檢測。
# - 啟用 (Enabled)。
$ sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.8.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST3500413AS
Serial Number: Z2AAMWCL
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 035f695b1
Firmware Version: JC45
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Wed Oct 16 21:04:44 2013 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
# - 停用 (Disabled)。
$ sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.8.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: ST3500413AS
Serial Number: Z2AAMWCL
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 035f695b1
Firmware Version: JC45
User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes [500 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Wed Oct 16 21:05:36 2013 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Disabled
2.2. 若尚未啟用 SMART,可以使用 -s 參數開啟它。
$ sudo smartctl -s on /dev/sda
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.8.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF ENABLE/DISABLE COMMANDS SECTION ===
SMART Enabled.
2.3. 支援 SMART 後我們可以使用 -H 參數來手動檢查硬碟、隨身硬碟的建康狀態。
# - 通過 (passed)。
$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.8.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
# - 失敗 (failed)。
$ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.8.0-31-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: FAILED!
Drive failure expected in less than 24 hours. SAVE ALL DATA.
Failed Attributes:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 004 004 005 Pre-fail Always FAILING_NOW 1887
smartd 是個可以把 smartmontools 註冊成例行性服務 (Daemon) 並使用排程來監控的程式,以下為凍仁啟用的步驟。
3.1. 啟用 smartd。
$ sudo vim /etc/default/smartmontools
...
start_smartd=yes
smartd_opts="--interval=1800"
3.2. 備份設定檔。
$ sudo cp /etc/smartd.conf /etc/smartd.conf.ori
3.3. 編輯設定檔。
$ sudo vi /etc/smartd.conf
......
# 掃描所有的 ATA/SCSI 設備並將報告寄送給 root。
DEVICESCAN -d removable -n standby -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner
# 每日 02:00 快速檢查 sda,每週六 03:00 完整檢查 sda。
/dev/sda -a -o on -S on -s (S/../.././02|L/../../6/03)
# 每日 04:00 快速檢查 sdb,每週六 05:00 完整檢查 sdb。
/dev/sdb -a -o on -S on -s (S/../.././04|L/../../6/05)
# 監控 SMART 狀態
/dev/sda -H -l error -l selftest -t -I 194
/dev/sdb -H -l error -l selftest -t -I 194
# 安靜的檢查,並只郵寄建康狀態給 admin@example.tw
/dev/sda -H -C 0 -U 0 -m admin@example.tw
/dev/sdb -H -C 0 -U 0 -m admin@example.tw
......
3.3. 啟用服務
$ sudo /etc/init.d/smartd start
3.4. 觀看記錄檔 (log)。
$ less /var/log/syslog
......
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: smartd 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.2.0-4-amd64] (local build)
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Opened configuration file /etc/smartd.conf
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Drive: DEVICESCAN, implied '-a' Directive on line 21 of file /etc/smartd.conf
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Configuration file /etc/smartd.conf was parsed, found DEVICESCAN, scanning devices
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Device: /dev/sda, type changed from 'scsi' to 'sat'
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], opened
......
Oct 17 08:59:47 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], found in smartd database.
Oct 17 08:59:48 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], is SMART capable. Adding to "monitor" list.
Oct 17 08:59:48 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11523]: Device: /dev/sda [SAT], state read from /var/lib/smartmontools/smartd.ST9320423AS-5VH55XKG.ata.state
......
Oct 17 08:59:48 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11525]: smartd has fork()ed into background mode. New PID=11525.
Oct 17 08:59:48 thinkpad-t410 smartd[11525]: file /var/run/smartd.pid written containing PID 11525
※ 若想讓 smartd 使用 Gmail 寄送通知件,可使用 sSMTP 來達成。如果能再搭上兩步驗證裡的專屬應用程式密碼會安全些。
當 SMART 亮起紅燈時,請儘速備份並更換硬碟。這時可以先拿先前淘汰的舊硬碟墊擋,否則就趕緊買顆新的補上了! (若您的硬碟還沒過保,那恭喜您可以換新硬碟了 :P)