集合是一個無序的，不重複的數據組合，主要的作用如下
去重，把一個列表變成集合，就會自動去重了。關係測試，測試二組數據之前的交集、差集、聯集等關係。接下來我們來實作看看什麼是去重
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
print(list_1, type(list_1))
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} <class 'set'>
Process finished with exit code 0
觀察一下，發現原本有重複出現的數字已經不見了，而且這個列表也已經變成一個集合了
接下來我們來試試關係測試
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
Process finished with exit code 0
觀察上面代碼，這二個集合中，有沒有二個一樣的數字？那如何將這二個一樣的數字給取出來呢？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.intersection(list_2)) # 交集
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
{4, 6}
Process finished with exit code 0
唔…成功取出來了，{4, 6}就是這二個集合的交集，所謂交集就是二個集合裡面都有的東西，A和B的交集寫作A ∩ B
如果做二個集合的聯集要怎麼取呢？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.union(list_2)) # 聯集
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 66, 9, 8, 22}
Process finished with exit code 0
唔…在觀察一下，發現這二個集合被合併成一個集合了，並且也做了去重，這個就叫做聯集， A和B的聯集通常寫作 A ∪ B
如果做二個集合的差集要怎麼取呢？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.difference(list_2)) # 差集 in list_1 but not in list_2
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}
Process finished with exit code 0
觀察一下，可以想像成把list_1這個集合減去list_1跟list_2的交集，就會是list_1的差集了，那…list_2的差集會是長什麼樣子呢？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.difference(list_2)) # 差集 in list_1 but not in list_2
print(list_2.difference(list_1))
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}
{0, 8, 2, 66, 22}
Process finished with exit code 0
唔…在仔細觀察一下，list_2的差集有什麼不同！是不是也發現{4, 6}這二個數字也不見了，只保留了{0, 8, 2, 66, 22}
除了這三個之外，還有沒有別的關係？是有的
接下來我們來試試子集
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.issubset(list_2)) # 子集
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
False
Process finished with exit code 0
咦，出現False，為什麼會出現false呢？
是因為list_1這個集合裡的數字，沒有完全符合list_2這個集合裡的數字，所以才會是False，那有子集就會有父集，那就來試試看list_2是不是list_1的父集？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
print(list_1, list_2)
print(list_1.issubset(list_2)) # 子集
print(list_2.issuperset(list_1)) # 父集
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}
False
False
Process finished with exit code 0
接下來我們來新增一個集合list_3，再試試剛剛那個子集跟父集，觀察一下，有什麼不同？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])
print(list_1, list_2, list_3)
print(list_3.issubset(list_1)) # 子集
print(list_1.issuperset(list_3)) # 父集
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}
True
True
Process finished with exit code 0
唔…list_3是list_1的子集，反過來說，list_1是list_3的父集
再來試試對稱差集，觀察一下看看有什麼不同
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])
print(list_1, list_2, list_3)
print(list_1.symmetric_difference(list_2))
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}
{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}
Process finished with exit code 0
唔，就是把二個集合裡所沒有的元素給取出來，所以就取出了{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}，而{4, 6}是這二個集合都有的，所以就不取了
再來我們在新增一個集合叫list_4，當二個集合沒有交集的話，要怎麼判斷？
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])
list_4 = set([5, 6, 8])
print(list_1, list_2, list_3)
print(list_3.isdisjoint(list_4)) # Return True if two sets have a null intersection.
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}
True
Process finished with exit code 0
唔，有發現結果回應True，就代表set.isdisjoint()是判斷當二個集合沒有交集時，就返回True，那我在修改一下list_4，在觀察一下
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])
list_4 = set([5, 6, 7, 8])
print(list_1, list_2, list_3)
print(list_3.isdisjoint(list_4))
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}
False
Process finished with exit code 0
嗯！結果返回一個False，就代表list_3跟list_4是有交集的
用符號來表示交集、聯集、差集、對稱差集
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])
list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])
list_4 = set([5, 6, 7, 8])
print(list_1, list_2, list_3)
print(list_1 & list_2) # 交集(intersection)
print(list_1 | list_2) # 聯集(Union)
print(list_1 - list_2) # 差集(difference) in list_1 not in list_2
print(list_1 ^ list_2) # 對稱差集(symmetric_difference)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}
{4, 6}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 66, 9, 8, 22}
{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}
{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}
Process finished with exit code 0
再來我們來操作集合的新增、修改、刪除，先試試對一個集合做新增
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 44}
Process finished with exit code 0
再來新增多個數字到集合裡
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 1314, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}
Process finished with exit code 0
再來試試刪除的方法
Method 1: set.remove() 刪除元素，但刪除一個不存在的元素，會噴error
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])
list_1.remove(1314)
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}
Process finished with exit code 0
Method 2: set.pop() 隨機任意刪，並且打印出刪除的元素
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])
list_1.remove(1314)
print(list_1)
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1.pop())
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}
1
3
4
5
6
7
520
{9, 44, 9527}
Process finished with exit code 0
Method 3: set.discard() 如果元素存在，就刪除，元素不存在，也不會噴error
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])
list_1.remove(1314)
print(list_1)
list_1.discard(9)
list_1.discard(999) # 故意刪除一個不存在的，也不會報錯
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 44, 9527}
Process finished with exit code 0
計算集合的長度
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]
list_1 = set(list_1)
list_1.add(44)
list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])
list_1.remove(1314)
print(len(list_1))
print(list_1)
---------------執行結果---------------
10
{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}
Process finished with exit code 0
參考資料：
天啊，一直要想到底什麼是交集、聯集、差集，看到wiki整個就腦裂了
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