The 1st Way: Flow

重要名詞：

• TPS(Toyota Production System) 基本精神：杜絕一切浪費
• Lead Time 是重要的指標
• Processing Time / Lead Time 的比例也是重要的指標
  

重要名詞：Value Stream

the sequence of activities an organization undertakes to deliver upon a customer request

the sequence of activities required to design, produce and deliver a good or service to a customer, including the dual flows of information and material

手法：增加 Visibility

• Kanban Boards
• Sprint Planning Boards

手法：限制 WIP(Work in Process)

• priority du jour

controlling queue size [WIP] is an extremely powerful management tool, as it is one of the few leading indicators of lead time

Bad multitasking often occurs when people are assigned to multiple projects, resulting in many prioritization problems

手法：縮小 Batch Sizes

• 經典的 simple newsletter mailing simulation (Lean Thinking)
  • fold the paper
  • insert the paper into the envelope
  • seal the envelope
  • stamp the envelope
• 解法
  • Single-Piece Flow (連續流)
    • 每次僅生產下一階段所需要材料，或裝配下一階段所需之部件
  • Mass Production
• Single-Piece Flow 期望效果
  • faster lead times
  • faster detection of errors
  • less WIP
  • less rework (measure by %C/A)

5 Focusing Steps

• TOC(Theory of Constraints)乃是關鍵鏈之母 - 專案管理生活思維

步驟一：定義出系統的限制 (Identify the System’s Constraints)

步驟二：決定如何充分利用限制 (Decide How to Exploit the System’s Constraints)

步驟三：依上述決定，讓非限制資源充分配合 (Subordinate Everything Else to the Above Decision)

步驟四：打破系統限制 (Elevate the System’s Constraints)

步驟五：若限制已打破，回到第一步驟。注意：別讓惰性造成系統的限制 (If in the Previous steps a Constraint Has Been Broken, Go Back to Step 1)

7 Major Types of Manufacturing Waste

• 凡事不能直接創造出價值的一切活動皆為浪費

1. inventory

• 庫存是萬惡之源
• Excess production of promotional materials or printed forms
• Cabinets full of office supplies
• Produce or food that goes to waste in our kitchen
• Kitchen gadgets that are accumulated and not used
• Unused or rarely used equipment

2. overproduction

• 過多與過早的生產都會增加成本，不如適時生產
• Production of components before the next stage in the process is ready to receive them
• Printing and filing of unnecessary documents
• Creation of meals that are not eaten or partially eaten
• Cars that sit unsold in a car dealer lot
• Hollywood making a movie that virtually nobody goes to see

3. extra processing

• Entering the same data in more than one place on a form or in a software application
• Multiple approval levels for a small spending request
• Ordering unnecessary tests for patients
• Cutting the crusts off of your kids' sandwiches when they're fine eating the crust now

4. transportation

• Moving hospital patients from department to department
• Sending overstocked inventory back to a warehouse or an outlet store location
• Transportation of products from one functional area to another
• In software, it may mean moving code from one server or repository to another
• Transporting out-of-season produce from halfway around the world to your store instead of eating local

5. waiting

• Patients in waiting rooms
• Software sitting in the QA queue
• System downtime
• Manufacturing processes waiting for component delivery
• Waiting for a flight that's been delayed due to maintenance being done wrong (a defect)

6. motion

• Handoffs in software development
• People searching for materials, tools or equipment
• Poorly structured or disorganized work spaces
• Having to make too many clicks in a website or software to accomplish a small task
• Writing down your name and address and personal information into your doctor's form for the umpteenth time

7. defects

• Misdiagnoses in healthcare
• The creation of parts that don’t meet safety regulations
• Software bugs
• Incorrect data entry
• Wrong food being delivered to your table in a restaurant

Gold Plating & Scope Creep

• Scope Creep and Gold Plating in Project Management – PM Study Circle

Reference

• 豐田式生產管理 - MBA智库百科
• 以提問角度看 TOC 聚焦五步驟 | 軟體架構・絮語
• Real Life Examples of the 7 Wastes of Lean
• Scope Creep and Gold Plating in Project Management – PM Study Circle
• Gold Plating 鍍金 - 專案管理生活思維
• 精益生產十大詞彙 - 每日頭條
• 解決問題的三大模型 - 每日頭條
• 新創PM一定要學會的技能！專案管理PDCA筆記