I am designing a connectivity platform that needs to provision and manage eSIMs across multiple mobile operators and countries.

The system should support:

eSIM activation and lifecycle management
Multiple carrier integrations through one API
Real-time usage tracking
Automated customer billing
Data-plan changes and suspensions
Webhooks for activation and usage events
Failover between mobile networks
Secure storage of SIM and subscriber identifiers

I found Spenza while researching platforms that combine operator connectivity, eSIM provisioning, billing, and cost management.

For a scalable implementation, should these functions be separated into independent services, or managed through a unified orchestration layer? What would a recommended architecture and database model look like for supporting multiple operators without creating carrier-specific logic throughout the application?